Edgar Rice Burroughs

With the release of the John Carter movie in 2012, I decided to revisit the Edgar Rice Burroughs books I read in my early teens. Today, I offer an overview of his most popular creation, Tarzan of the Apes. The dates following each title represent the publication of the manuscript in book form, usually within a year or so following its magazine publication.

Today, the notion of an unexplored Africa is hard to grasp, but 100 years ago when the first Tarzan story was published, it provided the setting for one of the most popular characters of the 20th century. Following the debut of the character in All Story magazine in 1912, the ape man became a merchandising machine, featured in film, radio, comic strips, cartoons, toys and television.

The Tarzan film franchise began in 1918 and ran until 1966 before migrating to television the same year. Since then, there have been attempts to revive the character in a variety of forms, though never with such success to challenge other media juggernauts such as the Star Wars or Batman franchises.

In 1984, the film Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, was released. Written by Robert Towne (credited as P.H. Vazak) and directed by Hugh Hudson – both multiple Oscar® nominees – the film was a grand Victorian romance, more reminiscent of Bronté than Burroughs. One friend of mine commented, “But that’s how the books originally were.”

No, not hardly. The first six books in the series are entertaining adventures, providing the kind of pulp thrills one would expect. After that they begin to deteriorate into an endless rehash of recycled concepts and predictable narratives.

The first appearance of Tarzan in All-Story magazine

In the original Tarzan of the Apes (1914), we learn how Lord and Lady Greystoke are marooned on the coast of Africa. Both perish after the birth of their son, and the infant John Clayton grows up among the great apes of Africa. He later meets Jane Porter and falls in love, eventually following her to America, only to discover she is engaged to his cousin, the current Lord Greystoke.

The book was a huge hit, leading to a sequel, The Return of Tarzan (1915). The focus is more on adventure in general, less on Tarzan running around the jungle like a wild man. His adventures take him from Paris to North Africa and eventually back to the jungle. There, he discovers the lost city of Opar and is reunited with Jane. Revealed as the true heir to the Greystoke name, he and Jane marry.

In The Beasts of Tarzan (1916), their infant son Jack is kidnapped, sending Tarzan on a quest to locate the boy and punish those responsible. Jack returns in The Son of Tarzan, this time older, as he runs away to Africa, living the life his father led among the creatures of the jungle. He takes the ape name Korak.

By the fifth book, Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1918), the pieces were in place. Tarzan was an English lord living in Africa, exploring the Dark Continent clad in a loin cloth and armed with his father’s hunting knife, a spear, bow and arrow, and a grass rope. He returns to the lost city of Opar to replenish his family’s wealth, only to fall victim to amnesia as a look-alike, Esteban Miranda, impersonates him elsewhere.

Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1919) is a series of short stories of a younger Tarzan, chronicling various episodes set between the death of his ape mother Kala and his first encounter with Europeans.

Tarzan the Untamed (1920) and Tarzan the Terrible (1921) represent a combined epic, as the Great War comes to Africa, and Tarzan finds himself swept up in the conflict. Believing Jane has been killed by the Germans, he abandons his isolationist philosophy and exacts retribution. Eventually, he learns Jane is not dead and follows her captors’ trail into the interior. Burroughs introduced the land of Pal-ul-don, a hidden world of prehistoric creatures and a race of tailed beings. This is the first of many instances where Tarzan encounters two warring factions of a hidden race deep in the jungle. Eventually, he is able to rescue Jane with Korak’s help, and together they return home.

An unused cover by Neal Adams for Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle

The ninth book in the series, Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1923), builds further on the legend, adding Jad-bal-ja, a lion cub which Tarzan adopts and raises. Tarzan returns to Opar, and once again encounters his look-alike, Esteban Miranda.

Successive books in the series feature several variations on the “lost city” plot device. Sometimes it is an undiscovered race, as in Tarzan and the Ant Men (1924). Just as often it is a long forgotten outpost of a past civilization, such as Medieval England (Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle, 1928) or ancient Rome (Tarzan and the Lost Empire, 1929).

The 13th book in the series may be a first in media history, in which one existing series series crosses over with another (and, indirectly, a third). Tarzan at the Earth’s Core (1930) tells of his adventure in Pellucidar, mixing the two franchises. As the Pellucidar books and ERB’s Mars series both mention the Gridley Wave – a radio transmission enabling communication between worlds – which ties the Tarzan, Pellucidar and John Carter series as all occupying the same “universe” long before it became common practice in the world of comic books.

Tarzan returns to Opar for the final time in Tarzan the Invincible (1931). Soviet agents invade the jungle intending to loot the lost city to finance additional communist revolutions. Followed by Tarzan Triumpant (1932), the story continues as Russian agents seek revenge for the failed mission of their comrades.

In Tarzan and the City of Gold (1933), the ape man once more encounters a lost city at war with its neighbor. Burroughs also recycles the look-alike plot device for Tarzan and the Lion Man (1934), in which a movie crew comes to Africa to film a Tarzan-like story of a man raised by lions. They encounter a mad scientist and his hidden city of talking gorillas. The story ends with Tarzan visiting Hollywood, where he undergoes a screen test for the next Tarzan picture, only for the producers to decide he’s unsuitable for the role.

One of the most accurate film portrayals of Tarzan was by Herman Brix in 1935

Tarzan suffers amnesia once again in Tarzan and the Leopard Men (1935), pitting him against a jungle cult. Tarzan’s Quest (1936) features the last major appearance of Jane, as the two become involved in a search for a formula for eternal youth.

By this time, the creative well had run dry for Burroughs. Tarzan had become a multi-million dollar property, optioned for film, radio, comic strips and a host of other products, including gasoline. Burroughs had established the community of Tarzana, California, a Los Angeles suburb. Many of the books that followed descended into variations on the writer’s two favorite plot devices: lost civilizations and look-alikes.

In Tarzan and the Forbidden City (1938), Tarzan is recruited for an expedition in search of Brian Gregory, a young explorer who looks like the ape man. Gregory is discovered in a hidden city at war with its neighbor. In Tarzan the Magnificent (1939), he returns to the lost cities of Athne and Cathne, previously seen in Tarzan and the City of Gold.

Tarzan and the Foreign Legion (1947) was the last Tarzan novel published in ERB’s lifetime. In it, Lord Clayton is serving in the RAF, fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. Forced to bail out over Sumatra, he is joined by a motley band of freedom fighters in the jungles of Southeast Asia.

The final two Tarzan books were published in mid-1960s, both consisting of unpublished manuscripts. Tarzan and the Madman (1964) was another variation on the lost civilizations and look-alike storyline. Tarzan and the Castaways (1965) is actually three stories: the title novella, in which Tarzan discovers a lost outpost of Mayans on an uncharted island; Tarzan and the Champion pits him against a brutal boxing champion hunting wildlife in Africa; and Tarzan and the Jungle Murders, in which Tarzan turns detective and solves a mysterious pair of murders.

Mike Henry played Tarzan in the mid-1960s

However, a year after the publication of the last Tarzan story written by Burroughs, a 25th novel entered the Tarzan canon. Tarzan and the Valley of Gold (1966) by Fritz Leiber was adapted from an original screenplay by Clair Huffaker. Based on one of the last Tarzan films produced for the “official” film series, the story takes Tarzan to the jungles of Central America in search of a lost horde of Mayan gold.

Lieber's writing style is radically different than Burroughs. Rather than portray events in the story, many segments feature extended dialogue between characters as they explain what has happened. This makes for a rather dull narrative compared to earlier stories.

It would be almost three decades until the next Tarzan novel. In 1996, author Joe R. Lansdale completed an unfinished ERB manuscript, later published in comic book form as Tarzan: The Lost Adventure. In the story, Tarzan watches over an expedition searching for the lost city of Ur, whose inhabitants worship a monstrous creature that Tarzan believes originated in Pellucidar.

Two additional novels were later added to the official Tarzan canon. In 1996, R.A. Salvatore adapted the pilot episode of Tarzan: The Epic Adventures into novel form. In 1999, Philip José Farmer, who had written the Tarzan “biography” Tarzan Alive (1972) penned The Dark Heart of Time. It takes place between the books Tarzan the Untamed and Tarzan the Terrible.

The first Tarzan story was sub-titled “a romance of the jungle,” and this is a common theme that runs through virtually all the books. Tarzan’s devotion to Jane is featured extensively whenever possible, but often supporting characters are the subject of developing sub-plots. Often, it is a case of a typically clueless male being unaware of the attraction, leading to romantic conflict.

Another theme common to the stories is the inherent innocence of the animal kingdom. Tarzan often comments on the greed and corruption of man, compared to that of animals, who will kill only in defense or for food.

Many supporting characters are painted with a rather broad brush, bordering on comic stereotypes. It seems rare that the stories feature agreeable supporting characters without an equal dose of scoundrels, but such stories would hardly lend themselves to an entertaining adventure.

Part 1: John Carter of Mars
Part 2: Pellucidar